Continuing the Windows 8 vision with Windows 8.1

Before we launched Windows 7, we envisioned what the next version of Windows would need to deliver. We made a bet that the PC landscape and industry would undergo a significant transformation driven by an increase in mobility. That bet underscores the changes we made with Windows 8 – it’s a generational leap forward. We built Windows 8 for a world where touch is a first class interaction model, the same as mouse and keyboard; and where there’s a proliferation of innovative and diverse devices that are highly mobile, always on the go and always connected. Windows 8 was built on the reality that the lines between our work and personal lives have blurred.

We’re only a bit more than seven months into this new, bold approach to computing. The response to Windows 8 has been substantial— from new devices to strong app growth to key enhancements to the OS and apps. We’ve learned from customers in how they are using the product and have received a lot of feedback. We’ve delivered hundreds of updates to the product and to apps. We’re just getting started, and the potential ahead is tremendous.

Windows 8.1 will advance the bold vision set forward with Windows 8 to deliver the next generation of PCs, tablets, and a range of industry devices, and the experiences customers — both consumers and businesses alike — need and will just expect moving forward. It’s Windows 8 even better. Not only will Windows 8.1 respond to customer feedback, but it will add new features and functionality that advance the touch experience and mobile computing’s potential. Windows 8.1 will deliver improvements and enhancements in key areas like personalization, search, the built-in apps, Windows Store experience, and cloud connectivity. Windows 8.1 will also include big bets for business in areas such as management and security – we’ll have more to say on these next week at TechEd North America. Today, I am happy to share a “first look” at Windows 8.1 and outline some of the improvements, enhancements and changes customers will see.


Personalization:

In Windows 8.1, you’ll be able to do more to personalize the experience on your device. As people started using Windows 8, we found that people were using their Locks screens to show pictures of their families. So in Windows 8.1, you can turn your PC or tablet into a picture frame by making your Lock screen a slide show of your pictures – either locally on the device or photos from the cloud in SkyDrive. We also added the ability to take pictures with the built-in camera right from the Lock screen without having to log in.



Windows 8.1 offers more colors and backgrounds for the Start screen – including ones with motion.



You can even choose your desktop background as your Start screen background, creating a greater sense of unity and familiarity. And the Start screen in Windows 8.1 features a variety of tile sizes including a new large and new small tile, so you can organize your Start screen exactly the way you want it. It’s also even easier to name groups and rearrange tiles. You can now select multiple apps all at once, resize them, uninstall them, or rearrange them. We also found people were accidentally moving tiles on their Start screen so in Windows 8.1, you press and hold (or right click) to move things around.

You can view all apps just by swiping from the bottom to view all apps, and we’ve added the ability to filter your apps by name, date installed, most used, or by category. You want the Start screen to be about all the things you love. So when you install a new app from the Windows Store, we no longer put that app on your Start screen. Instead, you’ll find these apps under apps view as mentioned above and marked as “new” where you can choose to pin the apps you want to your Start screen.


Search:

In Windows 8.1, the Search charm will provide global search results powered by Bing in a rich, simple-to-read, aggregated view of many content sources (the web, apps, files, SkyDrive, actions you can take) to provide the best “answer” for your query. We think this will really change the way you interact with the Web and with windows making it quicker and easier to get things done. It is the modern version of the command line!



Quick actions include things you would want to do like play a song or video. Results from local files, apps, and settings are easily accessed in the same convenient view by scrolling to the left.


Apps and Windows Store:

We will be improving all our built in apps that come with Windows 8 for Windows 8.1. For example, the Photos app now has some new editing features that lets you quickly edit or adjust photos when you view them in the Photos app or open them from other places like the Mail, SkyDrive, and Camera apps. And our Music app has been completely redesigned to help pick and play music from your collection. We plan to talk more about updates to the built in apps in Windows 8.1 and some brand new apps we will be introducing in a future blog post.

We’re also making improvements for using multiple apps at once in Windows 8.1.



Windows 8.1 brings variable, continuous size of snap views. You will have more ways to see multiple apps on the screen at the same time. You can resize apps to any size you want, share the screen between two apps, or have up to three apps on each screen if you have a multiple displays connected, you can have different Windows Store apps running on all the displays at the same time and the Start Screen can stay open on one monitor. This makes multi-tasking even easier. Also in Windows 8.1, you can have multiple windows of the same app snapped together – such as two Internet Explorer windows.

The improved Windows Store in Windows 8.1 is designed to show more info than before in Windows 8 with detailed lists of top free apps, new releases, and picks for you on the homepage. The app listing is more descriptive and informative and includes an area for related apps to help with app discovery. Categories are listed with other app commands such as links to your apps and your account information. App updates install automatically in the background as well as they come through the Store. And search is available in the upper right hand corner for finding the apps you want.


Cloud Connectivity:

In Windows 8.1 your files can be saved directly to SkyDrive, so you can always have your files with you.


The new SkyDrive app gives you access to your files that are on your device or in the cloud, and files are accessible even when offline.
Also, when you log on to your Windows 8.1 device with your Microsoft account (Outlook.com by default), your device magically becomes personalized with your settings and apps, making switching or setting up a new device really easy.PC Settings:


The updated PC Settings in Windows 8.1 gives you access to all your settings on your device without having to go to the Control Panel on the desktop. You can do things like change your display resolution, set power options, see the make and model of my PC, change the product key, let me do Windows Update, and even join a domain – all from PC Settings. You can even manage SkyDrive from PC Settings as well and see how much available storage you have (and buy more if needed).

Internet Explorer:

Web browsing continues to be one of the most popular activities on any device. That’s why with Windows 8.1, you also get Internet Explorer 11 (IE11). IE11 builds on the advancements in IE10 and is the only browser that is built for touch. IE11 will offer even better touch performance, faster page load times and several other new features we think you will enjoy. For example, you can now adjust the appearance of modern IE11 to always show the address bar and you can have as many open tabs as you like. And you can access your open tabs in sync across your other Windows 8.1 devices.


Better Mouse and Keyboard Options:

PCs today are evolving for a world of mobile computing where people interact with their devices through touch, and we designed Windows 8 for this. But we also recognize there are many non-touch devices in use today – especially in the commercial setting. As such we’ve focused on a number of improvements to ensure easier navigation for people using a mouse and keyboard.
We’ve improved the way you navigate to Start with the mouse by changing the Start “tip” to be the familiar Windows logo. The new tip appears anytime you move the mouse to the bottom left corner of the screen, and is always visible on the taskbar when on the desktop. There are also options to change what the corners do, and options to boot into alternate screens. For example, if you prefer to see the Apps view versus all the tiles, you can choose to have the Start screen go directly to Apps view.

--
These are just some of the updates coming in Windows 8.1. We’ll be blogging more about these and other changes in the coming weeks. As you’ve heard us talk about before, Windows 8.1 will be available later this year as a free update for consumers to Windows 8 through the Windows Store the same way customers get app updates today.
Beginning June 26th, and timed with the start of Build, our developer conference, you will be able to check out these improvements for yourself with a preview of Windows 8.1 that will be released. At Build, we’ll also be sharing more about Windows Embedded, which will be updated in the same timeframe as Windows 8.1. We’re aligning the platforms even more to bring Windows to form factors of all types, including not only tablets and PCs, but also the growing category of devices such as ATMs, point of service (POS) terminals, and kiosks.

Windows 8 has been a bold, necessary move towards mobility for the PC industry – pushing ourselves and our industry ahead with a touch-first approach that is redefining the PC as we know it, while offering the best of all worlds across any device at any time. Our commitment to that vision – and to always improving - remains the same as we stay the course of the evolution of Windows with Windows 8.1. We’ve been watching, we’ve been listening; Windows 8.1 will continue to build on what you love bringing the latest advancements in hardware, apps, cloud services and the OS to enable a unique experience in everything you do.

More to come. Thanks for reading.Antoine Leblond,
Corporate Vice President, Windows Program Management

More...

 

[MaloCS]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

 

[labeeman]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

M$ has not lost me yet I like Windows 8 it is the Metro that is not tolerable to me in any form. M$ will not loose me as a user but it has lost me as a customer. It also looks like it is not to popular on the Xbox one side either.

 

[pulsar68]

Very simple... during OS installation:

- seems you are using a touch device, do you prefere Modern UI? YES

- seems you have a mouse/keyboard, do you prefere "classic" desktop and Start button/menu? YES

Quite easy, Microsoft... and they all lived happily ever after

 

[SIW2]

There is very good reason why they didn't do that.

To save me the effort http://www.eightforums.com/windows-8-news/25893-hey-microsoft-its-apps-stupid.html

 

[alphanumeric]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

 

[MaloCS]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

And it's not just a Windows 8 hate forum either. There's a fine line between criticism and hate and a sizable selection of people on this board are trending towards hate. Additionally, all of the "8 Hate" on this board is drowning out the people that actually have something constructive to contribute. I personally don't know why the "8 Hate" is given so much prominence here and elsewhere, it's like the objective is to cut Microsoft down at the knees for even thinking up Metro. People genuinely seem personally offended that Metro even exists.

My point is this: Does Microsoft and Windows 8 mean so much in the grand scheme of things that they're worth the effort that the haters on this board give them? Don't you think that the haters would get bored and find something constructive to do? Is the Metro interface so politically and socially deviant that it needs a movement to combat it's gross misconduct perpetrated on humanity?

All I know is that for something as trivial as a computer operating system I wouldn't waste my valuable time protesting it. I have more important things to do in my life.

PS - I think all of the Metro hate is really just a scared reaction to change and where personal computers are heading. I really don't think it's about Metro at all.

 

[pulsar68]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

And it's not just a Windows 8 hate forum either. There's a fine line between criticism and hate and a sizable selection of people on this board are trending towards hate. Additionally, all of the "8 Hate" on this board is drowning out the people that actually have something constructive to contribute. I personally don't know why the "8 Hate" is given so much prominence here and elsewhere, it's like the objective is to cut Microsoft down at the knees for even thinking up Metro. People genuinely seem personally offended that Metro even exists.

My point is this: Does Microsoft and Windows 8 mean so much in the grand scheme of things that they're worth the effort that the haters on this board give them? Don't you think that the haters would get bored and find something constructive to do? Is the Metro interface so politically and socially deviant that it needs a movement to combat it's gross misconduct perpetrated on humanity?

All I know is that for something as trivial as a computer operating system I wouldn't waste my valuable time protesting it. I have more important things to do in my life.

PS - I think all of the Metro hate is really just a scared reaction to change and where personal computers are heading. I really don't think it's about Metro at all.

Totally agree, MaloCS.

That's always the same story... many people forget what happened when XP arrived.
Users and companies went to XP only after the release of SP3

 

[SIW2]

MalOcs
sizable selection of people on this board are trending towards hate

That is your personal interpretation.

MalOcs
People genuinely seem personally offended that Metro even exists

I don't know about that - but it does seem some get very offended at anything they perceive as the slightest criticism of a commercial product.

MalOcs
I think all of the Metro hate is really just a scared reaction to change and where personal computers are heading.

There probably are many who have valid questions and concerns about what the cloud may mean for example. Cost, privacy, control are all areas which may be affected.

Scared is a peculiar word. I don't think many are hiding behind the sofa. On the contrary, those who speak out and open these matters to debate are not scared at all. You might apply that word to those who just go along without question.

 

[snoop101]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

And it's not just a Windows 8 hate forum either. There's a fine line between criticism and hate and a sizable selection of people on this board are trending towards hate. Additionally, all of the "8 Hate" on this board is drowning out the people that actually have something constructive to contribute. I personally don't know why the "8 Hate" is given so much prominence here and elsewhere, it's like the objective is to cut Microsoft down at the knees for even thinking up Metro. People genuinely seem personally offended that Metro even exists.

My point is this: Does Microsoft and Windows 8 mean so much in the grand scheme of things that they're worth the effort that the haters on this board give them? Don't you think that the haters would get bored and find something constructive to do? Is the Metro interface so politically and socially deviant that it needs a movement to combat it's gross misconduct perpetrated on humanity?

All I know is that for something as trivial as a computer operating system I wouldn't waste my valuable time protesting it. I have more important things to do in my life.

PS - I think all of the Metro hate is really just a scared reaction to change and where personal computers are heading. I really don't think it's about Metro at all.

I am a developer and DBA. I am forced to use MS software because that is what my clients use. I personally am affected by the OS interface on a daily basis. So, accordingly, I want my opinion known.
I do not like the direction MS is taking with Windows 8 and I would like to see it changed. That is one of the primary reasons I read/post on this forum. My job and sole source of income is directly affected by the whims of MS. Just because these things have so little bearing on yourself doesn't mean it is that way for everyone.

 

[alphanumeric]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

And it's not just a Windows 8 hate forum either. There's a fine line between criticism and hate and a sizable selection of people on this board are trending towards hate. Additionally, all of the "8 Hate" on this board is drowning out the people that actually have something constructive to contribute. I personally don't know why the "8 Hate" is given so much prominence here and elsewhere, it's like the objective is to cut Microsoft down at the knees for even thinking up Metro. People genuinely seem personally offended that Metro even exists.

My point is this: Does Microsoft and Windows 8 mean so much in the grand scheme of things that they're worth the effort that the haters on this board give them? Don't you think that the haters would get bored and find something constructive to do? Is the Metro interface so politically and socially deviant that it needs a movement to combat it's gross misconduct perpetrated on humanity?

All I know is that for something as trivial as a computer operating system I wouldn't waste my valuable time protesting it. I have more important things to do in my life.

PS - I think all of the Metro hate is really just a scared reaction to change and where personal computers are heading. I really don't think it's about Metro at all.

It works both ways for the extremists.. There are some that will flame you for any negative comment about Windows 8 and there are those that will go to great lengths to belittle anything positive you might say. There is also some honest criticism posted about issues that may affect one user but not another. There has been some cleanup and banning of members that took it too far. I try to not let it get to me, but nobodies perfect. Consequently I spend less and less time here and hang out more on the Windows 7 forums.

 

[alphanumeric]

I don't like liver. I will never like liver. You telling me how much you like liver isn't going to make me ever like liver.
Me telling you I don't like liver isn't going to suddenly make someone else not like liver.

Some people just don't get that.

 

[Rickkins]

I don't like liver either.

 

[MaloCS]

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

And it's not just a Windows 8 hate forum either. There's a fine line between criticism and hate and a sizable selection of people on this board are trending towards hate. Additionally, all of the "8 Hate" on this board is drowning out the people that actually have something constructive to contribute. I personally don't know why the "8 Hate" is given so much prominence here and elsewhere, it's like the objective is to cut Microsoft down at the knees for even thinking up Metro. People genuinely seem personally offended that Metro even exists.

My point is this: Does Microsoft and Windows 8 mean so much in the grand scheme of things that they're worth the effort that the haters on this board give them? Don't you think that the haters would get bored and find something constructive to do? Is the Metro interface so politically and socially deviant that it needs a movement to combat it's gross misconduct perpetrated on humanity?

All I know is that for something as trivial as a computer operating system I wouldn't waste my valuable time protesting it. I have more important things to do in my life.

PS - I think all of the Metro hate is really just a scared reaction to change and where personal computers are heading. I really don't think it's about Metro at all.

I am a developer and DBA. I am forced to use MS software because that is what my clients use. I personally am affected by the OS interface on a daily basis. So, accordingly, I want my opinion known.
I do not like the direction MS is taking with Windows 8 and I would like to see it changed. That is one of the primary reasons I read/post on this forum. My job and sole source of income is directly affected by the whims of MS. Just because these things have so little bearing on yourself doesn't mean it is that way for everyone.

I'm a web developer and designer so my ability to earn a living is affected in some way shape or form by Microsoft's new Metro paradigm. Listen, I was the type of guy that laughed at the drones paying $100 a month for cell phones when they could be paying $10 a month like I was when I used Tracphone. However, I quickly learned that my idea of how things should work was old fashioned when I saw my then 2 year old son pick up a friend's iPhone and start using it without instruction. From that point on I realized that the advancement of technology would not be hampered by this old guy's antiquated ideologies and if I wanted to stay relevant in my chosen career I would need to learn this new paradigm and become efficient at it.

Just like my smart phone lesson I was initially skeptical about this mobile, Metro UI being implemented on desktop PCs. That is until I took my family into the local Microsoft store and my now 5 year old son started using Windows 8 like he had been on it for years. Again, just like with the iPhone, I learned a valuable lesson that my dinosaur ass was going to be left behind if I didn't accept the fact that technology and philosophies were changing. I was on the fast track of becoming that old guy that screams at the neighborhood kids to get off his lawn.

In a effort to combat my ancient ideologies I decided to give Windows 8 an honest try. I've been using Windows 8 for 5 months and I have to admit, I really enjoy using it. Additionally, I have noticed no loss of productivity and my workflow has not been affected one iota.

 

[lehnerus2000]

Wrong SP

That's always the same story... many people forget what happened when XP arrived.
Users and companies went to XP only after the release of SP3

Wrong SP.
Most companies were using XP long before 2008.

 

[TerryE]

Let me step into my "wayback machine" and recall a time not too many years ago when these monstrosities called "mainframes" were the be-all and end-all for computing.

Along comes this upstart concept of client/server computing. "Oh, ha ha, it'll never replace the mainframe" was the mantra of the skeptics. I decided to be flexible in what I wanted to do going forward - that proved to be a good choice. Not long after that I started working with Unix and then Windows NT, and basically never looked back.

Fast-forward to 2013: client/server computing is everywhere, and mainframes, while they still exist, no longer rule the computing world. Tablets and smart phones are becoming the platform of choice for anytime/anywhere computing.

Yeah, you can choose to ignore it - for a while. People clung bitterly to their Windows 2000 or Windows 9x/Me systems when XP came along, decrying the "ugly" interface and color schemes. The world moved on.

I'm no big fan of Windows 8 although I suppose if I were to plunge headlong into it that using it would be second nature in a short time. For now I find Windows 7 more to my liking but I also don't think that there's anything I could *not* do as well in Windows 8 if necessary. The propect of reinstalling a bunch of software I use is not appealing to me, and I always make it a rule to begin with a clean install of a major new OS. There's nothing "broken" about Windows 7 so I don't need to "fix" it.

It sure would be nnice though if some folks would realize that the choice of one OS over another is not "right" or "wrong." I'll take my hamburger for now, thank you, but if you'd rather have a hot dog, then go ahead and enjoy it!

 

[HippsieGypsie]

It sure would be nice though if some folks would realize that the choice of one OS over another is not "right" or "wrong." I'll take my hamburger for now, thank you, but if you'd rather have a hot dog, then go ahead and enjoy it!

It's good to see you back posting from time to time again, Terry. I always enjoy reading your professional viewpoint as I do other Pros here. You seem to be so level-headed about the matter.

But..... Comparing Windows 8 with a hot dog? Lol! I come from the land of hot dogs! Although surely not invented here and probably boasting, Chicago claims to be the hot dog capital. Why? Well, there's a lot of hot dogs around here!

May I offer you a kosher Chicago hot dog with everything on it for lunch?

 

[Coke Robot]

Good grief!

An earlier member said that the customers Microsoft lost will never come back. If that's the case then I wonder why all you haters are still here. It's obvious that Microsoft lost your business so I would assume you would find a forum more suitable for your needs.

I like Microsoft. I like Windows 8. That's why I'm still here.

Rock on!

The squeaky wheel gets the grease, at least that's what some of us hope will happen. It's just that some are more vocal about it than others. A lot of them are likely using Windows 7 but I personally would rather see the Windows 8 complaints here than on the Windows 7 forum. This isn't a Windows 8 Likes Only forum by the way. < Not meant to be sarcastic, just saying.

Which is the problem, some are OVERLY vocal about their complaints to the point of arguing about it with people. Others are more content to voice their complaints/concerns about Windows 8, and move on with their lives, not linger around trolling.

 

[Rickkins]

Which is the problem, some are OVERLY vocal about their complaints to the point of arguing about it with people. Others are more content to voice their complaints/concerns about Windows 8, and move on with their lives, not linger around trolling.

To be fair, it is no different than heralding metro at every single opportunity. Taking a step back, one sees two camps, equally vocal in support of their views. You cannot say one is 'bad', without saying the same thing about the other side. And by now, we all know which side most members 'belong' to.( I myself belonging to the "pro win8 but anti-metro" camp.

The pro metro crowd, continually herald metro as the best thing since sliced bread. All well and fine... but please try to remember that not everyone shares your opinion.(yes, that's right, they're all just opinions) And the same goes for the anti metro crowd... color us less than impressed.

The debate is sure to continue, unless of course management decides that only one sides opinions will be tolerated.

 

[Frank1]

It is rather disappointing that they paid so little heed to what their actual customers had to say. I personally will never use metro, will never let any of the pc's I service use metro, will continue to dissuade anyone and everyone I know from using metro.

I'm willing to be that I am not alone.

I understand and respect your feelings about using Metro foryourself. But I don't understand why you would want to dissuade anyone else from using it.

 

[Rickkins]

Simply because in my circle, people would ask me. Few if any in my circle would be tablet users, so we are talking desktop users... and I could not, in good conscience recommend something that I find inferior. In each case, I would recommend win8 in conjunction with 'classic shell'.